Source code for bottle
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Bottle is a fast and simple micro-framework for small web applications. It
offers request dispatching (Routes) with url parameter support, templates,
a built-in HTTP Server and adapters for many third party WSGI/HTTP-server and
template engines - all in a single file and with no dependencies other than the
Python Standard Library.
Homepage and documentation: http://bottlepy.org/
Copyright (c) 2011, Marcel Hellkamp.
License: MIT (see LICENSE.txt for details)
"""
from __future__ import with_statement
__author__ = 'Marcel Hellkamp'
__version__ = '0.10.11'
__license__ = 'MIT'
# The gevent server adapter needs to patch some modules before they are imported
# This is why we parse the commandline parameters here but handle them later
if __name__ == '__main__':
from optparse import OptionParser
_cmd_parser = OptionParser(usage="usage: %prog [options] package.module:app")
_opt = _cmd_parser.add_option
_opt("--version", action="store_true", help="show version number.")
_opt("-b", "--bind", metavar="ADDRESS", help="bind socket to ADDRESS.")
_opt("-s", "--server", default='wsgiref', help="use SERVER as backend.")
_opt("-p", "--plugin", action="append", help="install additional plugin/s.")
_opt("--debug", action="store_true", help="start server in debug mode.")
_opt("--reload", action="store_true", help="auto-reload on file changes.")
_cmd_options, _cmd_args = _cmd_parser.parse_args()
if _cmd_options.server and _cmd_options.server.startswith('gevent'):
import gevent.monkey; gevent.monkey.patch_all()
import sys
import base64
import cgi
import email.utils
import functools
import hmac
import httplib
import imp
import itertools
import mimetypes
import os
import re
import subprocess
import tempfile
import thread
import threading
import time
import warnings
from Cookie import SimpleCookie
from datetime import date as datedate, datetime, timedelta
from tempfile import TemporaryFile
from traceback import format_exc, print_exc
from urlparse import urljoin, SplitResult as UrlSplitResult
# Workaround for a bug in some versions of lib2to3 (fixed on CPython 2.7 and 3.2)
import urllib
urlencode = urllib.urlencode
urlquote = urllib.quote
urlunquote = urllib.unquote
try: from collections import MutableMapping as DictMixin
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
from UserDict import DictMixin
try: import cPickle as pickle
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
import pickle
try: from json import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
try: from simplejson import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
try: from django.utils.simplejson import dumps as json_dumps, loads as json_lds
except ImportError: # pragma: no cover
def json_dumps(data):
raise ImportError("JSON support requires Python 2.6 or simplejson.")
json_lds = json_dumps
py = sys.version_info
py3k = py >= (3,0,0)
NCTextIOWrapper = None
if sys.version_info < (2,6,0):
msg = "Python 2.5 support may be dropped in future versions of Bottle."
warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning)
if py3k: # pragma: no cover
json_loads = lambda s: json_lds(touni(s))
urlunquote = functools.partial(urlunquote, encoding='latin1')
# See Request.POST
from io import BytesIO
def touni(x, enc='utf8', err='strict'):
""" Convert anything to unicode """
return str(x, enc, err) if isinstance(x, bytes) else str(x)
if sys.version_info < (3,2,0):
from io import TextIOWrapper
class NCTextIOWrapper(TextIOWrapper):
''' Garbage collecting an io.TextIOWrapper(buffer) instance closes
the wrapped buffer. This subclass keeps it open. '''
def close(self): pass
else:
json_loads = json_lds
from StringIO import StringIO as BytesIO
bytes = str
def touni(x, enc='utf8', err='strict'):
""" Convert anything to unicode """
return x if isinstance(x, unicode) else unicode(str(x), enc, err)
def tob(data, enc='utf8'):
""" Convert anything to bytes """
return data.encode(enc) if isinstance(data, unicode) else bytes(data)
tonat = touni if py3k else tob
tonat.__doc__ = """ Convert anything to native strings """
def try_update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka):
try: # Bug: functools breaks if wrapper is an instane method
functools.update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped, *a, **ka)
except AttributeError: pass
# 3.2 fixes cgi.FieldStorage to accept bytes (which makes a lot of sense).
# but defaults to utf-8 (which is not always true)
# 3.1 needs a workaround.
NCTextIOWrapper = None
if (3,0,0) < py < (3,2,0):
from io import TextIOWrapper
class NCTextIOWrapper(TextIOWrapper):
def close(self): pass # Keep wrapped buffer open.
# Backward compatibility
def depr(message):
warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
# Small helpers
def makelist(data):
if isinstance(data, (tuple, list, set, dict)): return list(data)
elif data: return [data]
else: return []
class DictProperty(object):
''' Property that maps to a key in a local dict-like attribute. '''
def __init__(self, attr, key=None, read_only=False):
self.attr, self.key, self.read_only = attr, key, read_only
def __call__(self, func):
functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
self.getter, self.key = func, self.key or func.__name__
return self
def __get__(self, obj, cls):
if obj is None: return self
key, storage = self.key, getattr(obj, self.attr)
if key not in storage: storage[key] = self.getter(obj)
return storage[key]
def __set__(self, obj, value):
if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key] = value
def __delete__(self, obj):
if self.read_only: raise AttributeError("Read-Only property.")
del getattr(obj, self.attr)[self.key]
class CachedProperty(object):
''' A property that is only computed once per instance and then replaces
itself with an ordinary attribute. Deleting the attribute resets the
property. '''
def __init__(self, func):
self.func = func
def __get__(self, obj, cls):
if obj is None: return self
value = obj.__dict__[self.func.__name__] = self.func(obj)
return value
cached_property = CachedProperty
class lazy_attribute(object): # Does not need configuration -> lower-case name
''' A property that caches itself to the class object. '''
def __init__(self, func):
functools.update_wrapper(self, func, updated=[])
self.getter = func
def __get__(self, obj, cls):
value = self.getter(cls)
setattr(cls, self.__name__, value)
return value
###############################################################################
# Exceptions and Events ########################################################
###############################################################################
[docs]class BottleException(Exception):
""" A base class for exceptions used by bottle. """
pass
#TODO: These should subclass BaseRequest
[docs]class HTTPResponse(BottleException):
""" Used to break execution and immediately finish the response """
def __init__(self, output='', status=200, header=None):
super(BottleException, self).__init__("HTTP Response %d" % status)
self.status = int(status)
self.output = output
self.headers = HeaderDict(header) if header else None
def apply(self, response):
if self.headers:
for key, value in self.headers.iterallitems():
response.headers[key] = value
response.status = self.status
[docs]class HTTPError(HTTPResponse):
""" Used to generate an error page """
def __init__(self, code=500, output='Unknown Error', exception=None,
traceback=None, header=None):
super(HTTPError, self).__init__(output, code, header)
self.exception = exception
self.traceback = traceback
def __repr__(self):
return tonat(template(ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE, e=self))
###############################################################################
# Routing ######################################################################
###############################################################################
class RouteError(BottleException):
""" This is a base class for all routing related exceptions """
[docs]class RouteReset(BottleException):
""" If raised by a plugin or request handler, the route is reset and all
plugins are re-applied. """
class RouterUnknownModeError(RouteError): pass
class RouteSyntaxError(RouteError):
""" The route parser found something not supported by this router """
class RouteBuildError(RouteError):
""" The route could not been built """
class Router(object):
''' A Router is an ordered collection of route->target pairs. It is used to
efficiently match WSGI requests against a number of routes and return
the first target that satisfies the request. The target may be anything,
usually a string, ID or callable object. A route consists of a path-rule
and a HTTP method.
The path-rule is either a static path (e.g. `/contact`) or a dynamic
path that contains wildcards (e.g. `/wiki/<page>`). The wildcard syntax
and details on the matching order are described in docs:`routing`.
'''
default_pattern = '[^/]+'
default_filter = 're'
#: Sorry for the mess. It works. Trust me.
rule_syntax = re.compile('(\\\\*)'\
'(?:(?::([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?()(?:#(.*?)#)?)'\
'|(?:<([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z_0-9]*)?(?::([a-zA-Z_]*)'\
'(?::((?:\\\\.|[^\\\\>]+)+)?)?)?>))')
def __init__(self, strict=False):
self.rules = {} # A {rule: Rule} mapping
self.builder = {} # A rule/name->build_info mapping
self.static = {} # Cache for static routes: {path: {method: target}}
self.dynamic = [] # Cache for dynamic routes. See _compile()
#: If true, static routes are no longer checked first.
self.strict_order = strict
self.filters = {'re': self.re_filter, 'int': self.int_filter,
'float': self.float_filter, 'path': self.path_filter}
def re_filter(self, conf):
return conf or self.default_pattern, None, None
def int_filter(self, conf):
return r'-?\d+', int, lambda x: str(int(x))
def float_filter(self, conf):
return r'-?[\d.]+', float, lambda x: str(float(x))
def path_filter(self, conf):
return r'.*?', None, None
def add_filter(self, name, func):
''' Add a filter. The provided function is called with the configuration
string as parameter and must return a (regexp, to_python, to_url) tuple.
The first element is a string, the last two are callables or None. '''
self.filters[name] = func
def parse_rule(self, rule):
''' Parses a rule into a (name, filter, conf) token stream. If mode is
None, name contains a static rule part. '''
offset, prefix = 0, ''
for match in self.rule_syntax.finditer(rule):
prefix += rule[offset:match.start()]
g = match.groups()
if len(g[0])%2: # Escaped wildcard
prefix += match.group(0)[len(g[0]):]
offset = match.end()
continue
if prefix: yield prefix, None, None
name, filtr, conf = g[1:4] if not g[2] is None else g[4:7]
if not filtr: filtr = self.default_filter
yield name, filtr, conf or None
offset, prefix = match.end(), ''
if offset <= len(rule) or prefix:
yield prefix+rule[offset:], None, None
def add(self, rule, method, target, name=None):
''' Add a new route or replace the target for an existing route. '''
if rule in self.rules:
self.rules[rule][method] = target
if name: self.builder[name] = self.builder[rule]
return
target = self.rules[rule] = {method: target}
# Build pattern and other structures for dynamic routes
anons = 0 # Number of anonymous wildcards
pattern = '' # Regular expression pattern
filters = [] # Lists of wildcard input filters
builder = [] # Data structure for the URL builder
is_static = True
for key, mode, conf in self.parse_rule(rule):
if mode:
is_static = False
mask, in_filter, out_filter = self.filters[mode](conf)
if key:
pattern += '(?P<%s>%s)' % (key, mask)
else:
pattern += '(?:%s)' % mask
key = 'anon%d' % anons; anons += 1
if in_filter: filters.append((key, in_filter))
builder.append((key, out_filter or str))
elif key:
pattern += re.escape(key)
builder.append((None, key))
self.builder[rule] = builder
if name: self.builder[name] = builder
if is_static and not self.strict_order:
self.static[self.build(rule)] = target
return
def fpat_sub(m):
return m.group(0) if len(m.group(1)) % 2 else m.group(1) + '(?:'
flat_pattern = re.sub(r'(\\*)(\(\?P<[^>]*>|\((?!\?))', fpat_sub, pattern)
try:
re_match = re.compile('^(%s)$' % pattern).match
except re.error, e:
raise RouteSyntaxError("Could not add Route: %s (%s)" % (rule, e))
def match(path):
""" Return an url-argument dictionary. """
url_args = re_match(path).groupdict()
for name, wildcard_filter in filters:
try:
url_args[name] = wildcard_filter(url_args[name])
except ValueError:
raise HTTPError(400, 'Path has wrong format.')
return url_args
try:
combined = '%s|(^%s$)' % (self.dynamic[-1][0].pattern, flat_pattern)
self.dynamic[-1] = (re.compile(combined), self.dynamic[-1][1])
self.dynamic[-1][1].append((match, target))
except (AssertionError, IndexError), e: # AssertionError: Too many groups
self.dynamic.append((re.compile('(^%s$)' % flat_pattern),
[(match, target)]))
return match
def build(self, _name, *anons, **query):
''' Build an URL by filling the wildcards in a rule. '''
builder = self.builder.get(_name)
if not builder: raise RouteBuildError("No route with that name.", _name)
try:
for i, value in enumerate(anons): query['anon%d'%i] = value
url = ''.join([f(query.pop(n)) if n else f for (n,f) in builder])
return url if not query else url+'?'+urlencode(query)
except KeyError, e:
raise RouteBuildError('Missing URL argument: %r' % e.args[0])
def match(self, environ):
''' Return a (target, url_agrs) tuple or raise HTTPError(400/404/405). '''
path, targets, urlargs = environ['PATH_INFO'] or '/', None, {}
if path in self.static:
targets = self.static[path]
else:
for combined, rules in self.dynamic:
match = combined.match(path)
if not match: continue
getargs, targets = rules[match.lastindex - 1]
urlargs = getargs(path) if getargs else {}
break
if not targets:
raise HTTPError(404, "Not found: " + repr(environ['PATH_INFO']))
method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'].upper()
if method in targets:
return targets[method], urlargs
if method == 'HEAD' and 'GET' in targets:
return targets['GET'], urlargs
if 'ANY' in targets:
return targets['ANY'], urlargs
allowed = [verb for verb in targets if verb != 'ANY']
if 'GET' in allowed and 'HEAD' not in allowed:
allowed.append('HEAD')
raise HTTPError(405, "Method not allowed.",
header=[('Allow',",".join(allowed))])
[docs]class Route(object):
''' This class wraps a route callback along with route specific metadata and
configuration and applies Plugins on demand. It is also responsible for
turing an URL path rule into a regular expression usable by the Router.
'''
def __init__(self, app, rule, method, callback, name=None,
plugins=None, skiplist=None, **config):
#: The application this route is installed to.
self.app = app
#: The path-rule string (e.g. ``/wiki/:page``).
self.rule = rule
#: The HTTP method as a string (e.g. ``GET``).
self.method = method
#: The original callback with no plugins applied. Useful for introspection.
self.callback = callback
#: The name of the route (if specified) or ``None``.
self.name = name or None
#: A list of route-specific plugins (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
self.plugins = plugins or []
#: A list of plugins to not apply to this route (see :meth:`Bottle.route`).
self.skiplist = skiplist or []
#: Additional keyword arguments passed to the :meth:`Bottle.route`
#: decorator are stored in this dictionary. Used for route-specific
#: plugin configuration and meta-data.
self.config = ConfigDict(config)
def __call__(self, *a, **ka):
depr("Some APIs changed to return Route() instances instead of"\
" callables. Make sure to use the Route.call method and not to"\
" call Route instances directly.")
return self.call(*a, **ka)
@cached_property
def call(self):
''' The route callback with all plugins applied. This property is
created on demand and then cached to speed up subsequent requests.'''
return self._make_callback()
[docs] def reset(self):
''' Forget any cached values. The next time :attr:`call` is accessed,
all plugins are re-applied. '''
self.__dict__.pop('call', None)
[docs] def prepare(self):
''' Do all on-demand work immediately (useful for debugging).'''
self.call
@property
def _context(self):
depr('Switch to Plugin API v2 and access the Route object directly.')
return dict(rule=self.rule, method=self.method, callback=self.callback,
name=self.name, app=self.app, config=self.config,
apply=self.plugins, skip=self.skiplist)
[docs] def all_plugins(self):
''' Yield all Plugins affecting this route. '''
unique = set()
for p in reversed(self.app.plugins + self.plugins):
if True in self.skiplist: break
name = getattr(p, 'name', False)
if name and (name in self.skiplist or name in unique): continue
if p in self.skiplist or type(p) in self.skiplist: continue
if name: unique.add(name)
yield p
def _make_callback(self):
callback = self.callback
for plugin in self.all_plugins():
try:
if hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
api = getattr(plugin, 'api', 1)
context = self if api > 1 else self._context
callback = plugin.apply(callback, context)
else:
callback = plugin(callback)
except RouteReset: # Try again with changed configuration.
return self._make_callback()
if not callback is self.callback:
try_update_wrapper(callback, self.callback)
return callback
###############################################################################
# Application Object ###########################################################
###############################################################################
[docs]class Bottle(object):
""" WSGI application """
def __init__(self, catchall=True, autojson=True, config=None):
""" Create a new bottle instance.
You usually don't do that. Use `bottle.app.push()` instead.
"""
self.routes = [] # List of installed :class:`Route` instances.
self.router = Router() # Maps requests to :class:`Route` instances.
self.plugins = [] # List of installed plugins.
self.error_handler = {}
#: If true, most exceptions are catched and returned as :exc:`HTTPError`
self.config = ConfigDict(config or {})
self.catchall = catchall
#: An instance of :class:`HooksPlugin`. Empty by default.
self.hooks = HooksPlugin()
self.install(self.hooks)
if autojson:
self.install(JSONPlugin())
self.install(TemplatePlugin())
[docs] def mount(self, prefix, app, **options):
''' Mount an application (:class:`Bottle` or plain WSGI) to a specific
URL prefix. Example::
root_app.mount('/admin/', admin_app)
:param prefix: path prefix or `mount-point`. If it ends in a slash,
that slash is mandatory.
:param app: an instance of :class:`Bottle` or a WSGI application.
All other parameters are passed to the underlying :meth:`route` call.
'''
if isinstance(app, basestring):
prefix, app = app, prefix
depr('Parameter order of Bottle.mount() changed.') # 0.10
parts = filter(None, prefix.split('/'))
if not parts: raise ValueError('Empty path prefix.')
path_depth = len(parts)
options.setdefault('skip', True)
options.setdefault('method', 'ANY')
@self.route('/%s/:#.*#' % '/'.join(parts), **options)
def mountpoint():
try:
request.path_shift(path_depth)
rs = BaseResponse([], 200)
def start_response(status, header):
rs.status = status
for name, value in header: rs.add_header(name, value)
return rs.body.append
rs.body = itertools.chain(rs.body, app(request.environ, start_response))
return HTTPResponse(rs.body, rs.status_code, rs.headers)
finally:
request.path_shift(-path_depth)
if not prefix.endswith('/'):
self.route('/' + '/'.join(parts), callback=mountpoint, **options)
[docs] def install(self, plugin):
''' Add a plugin to the list of plugins and prepare it for being
applied to all routes of this application. A plugin may be a simple
decorator or an object that implements the :class:`Plugin` API.
'''
if hasattr(plugin, 'setup'): plugin.setup(self)
if not callable(plugin) and not hasattr(plugin, 'apply'):
raise TypeError("Plugins must be callable or implement .apply()")
self.plugins.append(plugin)
self.reset()
return plugin
[docs] def uninstall(self, plugin):
''' Uninstall plugins. Pass an instance to remove a specific plugin, a type
object to remove all plugins that match that type, a string to remove
all plugins with a matching ``name`` attribute or ``True`` to remove all
plugins. Return the list of removed plugins. '''
removed, remove = [], plugin
for i, plugin in list(enumerate(self.plugins))[::-1]:
if remove is True or remove is plugin or remove is type(plugin) \
or getattr(plugin, 'name', True) == remove:
removed.append(plugin)
del self.plugins[i]
if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
if removed: self.reset()
return removed
[docs] def reset(self, route=None):
''' Reset all routes (force plugins to be re-applied) and clear all
caches. If an ID or route object is given, only that specific route
is affected. '''
if route is None: routes = self.routes
elif isinstance(route, Route): routes = [route]
else: routes = [self.routes[route]]
for route in routes: route.reset()
if DEBUG:
for route in routes: route.prepare()
self.hooks.trigger('app_reset')
[docs] def close(self):
''' Close the application and all installed plugins. '''
for plugin in self.plugins:
if hasattr(plugin, 'close'): plugin.close()
self.stopped = True
[docs] def match(self, environ):
""" Search for a matching route and return a (:class:`Route` , urlargs)
tuple. The second value is a dictionary with parameters extracted
from the URL. Raise :exc:`HTTPError` (404/405) on a non-match."""
return self.router.match(environ)
[docs] def get_url(self, routename, **kargs):
""" Return a string that matches a named route """
scriptname = request.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/') + '/'
location = self.router.build(routename, **kargs).lstrip('/')
return urljoin(urljoin('/', scriptname), location)
[docs] def route(self, path=None, method='GET', callback=None, name=None,
apply=None, skip=None, **config):
""" A decorator to bind a function to a request URL. Example::
@app.route('/hello/:name')
def hello(name):
return 'Hello %s' % name
The ``:name`` part is a wildcard. See :class:`Router` for syntax
details.
:param path: Request path or a list of paths to listen to. If no
path is specified, it is automatically generated from the
signature of the function.
:param method: HTTP method (`GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, ...) or a list of
methods to listen to. (default: `GET`)
:param callback: An optional shortcut to avoid the decorator
syntax. ``route(..., callback=func)`` equals ``route(...)(func)``
:param name: The name for this route. (default: None)
:param apply: A decorator or plugin or a list of plugins. These are
applied to the route callback in addition to installed plugins.
:param skip: A list of plugins, plugin classes or names. Matching
plugins are not installed to this route. ``True`` skips all.
Any additional keyword arguments are stored as route-specific
configuration and passed to plugins (see :meth:`Plugin.apply`).
"""
if callable(path): path, callback = None, path
plugins = makelist(apply)
skiplist = makelist(skip)
def decorator(callback):
# TODO: Documentation and tests
if isinstance(callback, basestring): callback = load(callback)
for rule in makelist(path) or yieldroutes(callback):
for verb in makelist(method):
verb = verb.upper()
route = Route(self, rule, verb, callback, name=name,
plugins=plugins, skiplist=skiplist, **config)
self.routes.append(route)
self.router.add(rule, verb, route, name=name)
if DEBUG: route.prepare()
return callback
return decorator(callback) if callback else decorator
[docs] def get(self, path=None, method='GET', **options):
""" Equals :meth:`route`. """
return self.route(path, method, **options)
[docs] def post(self, path=None, method='POST', **options):
""" Equals :meth:`route` with a ``POST`` method parameter. """
return self.route(path, method, **options)
[docs] def put(self, path=None, method='PUT', **options):
""" Equals :meth:`route` with a ``PUT`` method parameter. """
return self.route(path, method, **options)
[docs] def delete(self, path=None, method='DELETE', **options):
""" Equals :meth:`route` with a ``DELETE`` method parameter. """
return self.route(path, method, **options)
[docs] def error(self, code=500):
""" Decorator: Register an output handler for a HTTP error code"""
def wrapper(handler):
self.error_handler[int(code)] = handler
return handler
return wrapper
[docs] def hook(self, name):
""" Return a decorator that attaches a callback to a hook. """
def wrapper(func):
self.hooks.add(name, func)
return func
return wrapper
[docs] def handle(self, path, method='GET'):
""" (deprecated) Execute the first matching route callback and return
the result. :exc:`HTTPResponse` exceptions are catched and returned.
If :attr:`Bottle.catchall` is true, other exceptions are catched as
well and returned as :exc:`HTTPError` instances (500).
"""
depr("This method will change semantics in 0.10. Try to avoid it.")
if isinstance(path, dict):
return self._handle(path)
return self._handle({'PATH_INFO': path, 'REQUEST_METHOD': method.upper()})
def _handle(self, environ):
try:
route, args = self.router.match(environ)
environ['route.handle'] = environ['bottle.route'] = route
environ['route.url_args'] = args
return route.call(**args)
except HTTPResponse, r:
return r
except RouteReset:
route.reset()
return self._handle(environ)
except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
raise
except Exception, e:
if not self.catchall: raise
stacktrace = format_exc(10)
environ['wsgi.errors'].write(stacktrace)
return HTTPError(500, "Internal Server Error", e, stacktrace)
def _cast(self, out, request, response, peek=None):
""" Try to convert the parameter into something WSGI compatible and set
correct HTTP headers when possible.
Support: False, str, unicode, dict, HTTPResponse, HTTPError, file-like,
iterable of strings and iterable of unicodes
"""
# Empty output is done here
if not out:
response['Content-Length'] = 0
return []
# Join lists of byte or unicode strings. Mixed lists are NOT supported
if isinstance(out, (tuple, list))\
and isinstance(out[0], (bytes, unicode)):
out = out[0][0:0].join(out) # b'abc'[0:0] -> b''
# Encode unicode strings
if isinstance(out, unicode):
out = out.encode(response.charset)
# Byte Strings are just returned
if isinstance(out, bytes):
response['Content-Length'] = len(out)
return [out]
# HTTPError or HTTPException (recursive, because they may wrap anything)
# TODO: Handle these explicitly in handle() or make them iterable.
if isinstance(out, HTTPError):
out.apply(response)
out = self.error_handler.get(out.status, repr)(out)
if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse):
depr('Error handlers must not return :exc:`HTTPResponse`.') #0.9
return self._cast(out, request, response)
if isinstance(out, HTTPResponse):
out.apply(response)
return self._cast(out.output, request, response)
# File-like objects.
if hasattr(out, 'read'):
if 'wsgi.file_wrapper' in request.environ:
return request.environ['wsgi.file_wrapper'](out)
elif hasattr(out, 'close') or not hasattr(out, '__iter__'):
return WSGIFileWrapper(out)
# Handle Iterables. We peek into them to detect their inner type.
try:
out = iter(out)
first = out.next()
while not first:
first = out.next()
except StopIteration:
return self._cast('', request, response)
except HTTPResponse, e:
first = e
except Exception, e:
first = HTTPError(500, 'Unhandled exception', e, format_exc(10))
if isinstance(e, (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError))\
or not self.catchall:
raise
# These are the inner types allowed in iterator or generator objects.
if isinstance(first, HTTPResponse):
return self._cast(first, request, response)
if isinstance(first, bytes):
return itertools.chain([first], out)
if isinstance(first, unicode):
return itertools.imap(lambda x: x.encode(response.charset),
itertools.chain([first], out))
return self._cast(HTTPError(500, 'Unsupported response type: %s'\
% type(first)), request, response)
[docs] def wsgi(self, environ, start_response):
""" The bottle WSGI-interface. """
try:
environ['bottle.app'] = self
request.bind(environ)
response.bind()
out = self._cast(self._handle(environ), request, response)
# rfc2616 section 4.3
if response._status_code in (100, 101, 204, 304)\
or request.method == 'HEAD':
if hasattr(out, 'close'): out.close()
out = []
start_response(response._status_line, list(response.iter_headers()))
return out
except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit, MemoryError):
raise
except Exception, e:
if not self.catchall: raise
err = '<h1>Critical error while processing request: %s</h1>' \
% html_escape(environ.get('PATH_INFO', '/'))
if DEBUG:
err += '<h2>Error:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
'<h2>Traceback:</h2>\n<pre>\n%s\n</pre>\n' \
% (html_escape(repr(e)), html_escape(format_exc(10)))
environ['wsgi.errors'].write(err)
headers = [('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8')]
start_response('500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR', headers)
return [tob(err)]
def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
''' Each instance of :class:'Bottle' is a WSGI application. '''
return self.wsgi(environ, start_response)
###############################################################################
# HTTP and WSGI Tools ##########################################################
###############################################################################
[docs]class BaseRequest(DictMixin):
""" A wrapper for WSGI environment dictionaries that adds a lot of
convenient access methods and properties. Most of them are read-only."""
#: Maximum size of memory buffer for :attr:`body` in bytes.
MEMFILE_MAX = 102400
#: Maximum number pr GET or POST parameters per request
MAX_PARAMS = 100
def __init__(self, environ):
""" Wrap a WSGI environ dictionary. """
#: The wrapped WSGI environ dictionary. This is the only real attribute.
#: All other attributes actually are read-only properties.
self.environ = environ
environ['bottle.request'] = self
@property
[docs] def path(self):
''' The value of ``PATH_INFO`` with exactly one prefixed slash (to fix
broken clients and avoid the "empty path" edge case). '''
return '/' + self.environ.get('PATH_INFO','').lstrip('/')
@property
[docs] def method(self):
''' The ``REQUEST_METHOD`` value as an uppercase string. '''
return self.environ.get('REQUEST_METHOD', 'GET').upper()
@DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.headers', read_only=True)
[docs] def headers(self):
''' A :class:`WSGIHeaderDict` that provides case-insensitive access to
HTTP request headers. '''
return WSGIHeaderDict(self.environ)
[docs] def get_header(self, name, default=None):
''' Return the value of a request header, or a given default value. '''
return self.headers.get(name, default)
@DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.cookies', read_only=True)
[docs] def cookies(self):
""" Cookies parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. Signed cookies are NOT
decoded. Use :meth:`get_cookie` if you expect signed cookies. """
cookies = SimpleCookie(self.environ.get('HTTP_COOKIE',''))
cookies = list(cookies.values())[:self.MAX_PARAMS]
return FormsDict((c.key, c.value) for c in cookies)
[docs] def get_cookie(self, key, default=None, secret=None):
""" Return the content of a cookie. To read a `Signed Cookie`, the
`secret` must match the one used to create the cookie (see
:meth:`BaseResponse.set_cookie`). If anything goes wrong (missing
cookie or wrong signature), return a default value. """
value = self.cookies.get(key)
if secret and value:
dec = cookie_decode(value, secret) # (key, value) tuple or None
return dec[1] if dec and dec[0] == key else default
return value or default
@DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.query', read_only=True)
[docs] def query(self):
''' The :attr:`query_string` parsed into a :class:`FormsDict`. These
values are sometimes called "URL arguments" or "GET parameters", but
not to be confused with "URL wildcards" as they are provided by the
:class:`Router`. '''
get = self.environ['bottle.get'] = FormsDict()
pairs = _parse_qsl(self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', ''))
for key, value in pairs[:self.MAX_PARAMS]:
get[key] = value
return get
@DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.forms', read_only=True)
[docs] def forms(self):
""" Form values parsed from an `url-encoded` or `multipart/form-data`
encoded POST or PUT request body. The result is retuned as a
:class:`FormsDict`. All keys and values are strings. File uploads
are stored separately in :attr:`files`. """
forms = FormsDict()
for name, item in self.POST.iterallitems():
if not hasattr(item, 'filename'):
forms[name] = item
return forms
@DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.params', read_only=True)
[docs] def params(self):
""" A :class:`FormsDict` with the combined values of :attr:`query` and
:attr:`forms`. File uploads are stored in :attr:`files`. """
params = FormsDict()
for key, value in self.query.iterallitems():
params[key] = value
for key, value in self.forms.iterallitems():
params[key] = value
return params
@DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.files', read_only=True)
[docs] def files(self):
""" File uploads parsed from an `url-encoded` or `multipart/form-data`
encoded POST or PUT request body. The values are instances of
:class:`cgi.FieldStorage`. The most important attributes are:
filename
The filename, if specified; otherwise None; this is the client
side filename, *not* the file name on which it is stored (that's
a temporary file you don't deal with)
file
The file(-like) object from which you can read the data.
value
The value as a *string*; for file uploads, this transparently
reads the file every time you request the value. Do not do this
on big files.
"""
files = FormsDict()
for name, item in self.POST.iterallitems():
if hasattr(item, 'filename'):
files[name] = item
return files
@DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.json', read_only=True)
[docs] def json(self):
''' If the ``Content-Type`` header is ``application/json``, this
property holds the parsed content of the request body. Only requests
smaller than :attr:`MEMFILE_MAX` are processed to avoid memory
exhaustion. '''
if 'application/json' in self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '') \
and 0 < self.content_length < self.MEMFILE_MAX:
return json_loads(self.body.read(self.MEMFILE_MAX))
return None
@DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.body', read_only=True)
def _body(self):
maxread = max(0, self.content_length)
stream = self.environ['wsgi.input']
body = BytesIO() if maxread < self.MEMFILE_MAX else TemporaryFile(mode='w+b')
while maxread > 0:
part = stream.read(min(maxread, self.MEMFILE_MAX))
if not part: break
body.write(part)
maxread -= len(part)
self.environ['wsgi.input'] = body
body.seek(0)
return body
@property
[docs] def body(self):
""" The HTTP request body as a seek-able file-like object. Depending on
:attr:`MEMFILE_MAX`, this is either a temporary file or a
:class:`io.BytesIO` instance. Accessing this property for the first
time reads and replaces the ``wsgi.input`` environ variable.
Subsequent accesses just do a `seek(0)` on the file object. """
self._body.seek(0)
return self._body
#: An alias for :attr:`query`.
GET = query
@DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.post', read_only=True)
[docs] def POST(self):
""" The values of :attr:`forms` and :attr:`files` combined into a single
:class:`FormsDict`. Values are either strings (form values) or
instances of :class:`cgi.FieldStorage` (file uploads).
"""
post = FormsDict()
# We default to application/x-www-form-urlencoded for everything that
# is not multipart and take the fast path (also: 3.1 workaround)
if not self.content_type.startswith('multipart/'):
maxlen = max(0, min(self.content_length, self.MEMFILE_MAX))
pairs = _parse_qsl(tonat(self.body.read(maxlen), 'latin1'))
for key, value in pairs[:self.MAX_PARAMS]:
post[key] = value
return post
safe_env = {'QUERY_STRING':''} # Build a safe environment for cgi
for key in ('REQUEST_METHOD', 'CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH'):
if key in self.environ: safe_env[key] = self.environ[key]
args = dict(fp=self.body, environ=safe_env, keep_blank_values=True)
if py >= (3,2,0):
args['encoding'] = 'ISO-8859-1'
if NCTextIOWrapper:
args['fp'] = NCTextIOWrapper(args['fp'], encoding='ISO-8859-1',
newline='\n')
data = cgi.FieldStorage(**args)
for item in (data.list or [])[:self.MAX_PARAMS]:
post[item.name] = item if item.filename else item.value
return post
@property
[docs] def COOKIES(self):
''' Alias for :attr:`cookies` (deprecated). '''
depr('BaseRequest.COOKIES was renamed to BaseRequest.cookies (lowercase).')
return self.cookies
@property
[docs] def url(self):
""" The full request URI including hostname and scheme. If your app
lives behind a reverse proxy or load balancer and you get confusing
results, make sure that the ``X-Forwarded-Host`` header is set
correctly. """
return self.urlparts.geturl()
@DictProperty('environ', 'bottle.request.urlparts', read_only=True)
[docs] def urlparts(self):
''' The :attr:`url` string as an :class:`urlparse.SplitResult` tuple.
The tuple contains (scheme, host, path, query_string and fragment),
but the fragment is always empty because it is not visible to the
server. '''
env = self.environ
http = env.get('wsgi.url_scheme', 'http')
host = env.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST') or env.get('HTTP_HOST')
if not host:
# HTTP 1.1 requires a Host-header. This is for HTTP/1.0 clients.
host = env.get('SERVER_NAME', '127.0.0.1')
port = env.get('SERVER_PORT')
if port and port != ('80' if http == 'http' else '443'):
host += ':' + port
path = urlquote(self.fullpath)
return UrlSplitResult(http, host, path, env.get('QUERY_STRING'), '')
@property
[docs] def fullpath(self):
""" Request path including :attr:`script_name` (if present). """
return urljoin(self.script_name, self.path.lstrip('/'))
@property
[docs] def query_string(self):
""" The raw :attr:`query` part of the URL (everything in between ``?``
and ``#``) as a string. """
return self.environ.get('QUERY_STRING', '')
@property
[docs] def script_name(self):
''' The initial portion of the URL's `path` that was removed by a higher
level (server or routing middleware) before the application was
called. This script path is returned with leading and tailing
slashes. '''
script_name = self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME', '').strip('/')
return '/' + script_name + '/' if script_name else '/'
[docs] def path_shift(self, shift=1):
''' Shift path segments from :attr:`path` to :attr:`script_name` and
vice versa.
:param shift: The number of path segments to shift. May be negative
to change the shift direction. (default: 1)
'''
script = self.environ.get('SCRIPT_NAME','/')
self['SCRIPT_NAME'], self['PATH_INFO'] = path_shift(script, self.path, shift)
@property
[docs] def content_length(self):
''' The request body length as an integer. The client is responsible to
set this header. Otherwise, the real length of the body is unknown
and -1 is returned. In this case, :attr:`body` will be empty. '''
return int(self.environ.get('CONTENT_LENGTH') or -1)
@property
[docs] def content_type(self):
''' The Content-Type header as a lowercase-string (default: empty). '''
return self.environ.get('CONTENT_TYPE', '').lower()
@property
[docs] def is_xhr(self):
''' True if the request was triggered by a XMLHttpRequest. This only
works with JavaScript libraries that support the `X-Requested-With`
header (most of the popular libraries do). '''
requested_with = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH','')
return requested_with.lower() == 'xmlhttprequest'
@property
[docs] def is_ajax(self):
''' Alias for :attr:`is_xhr`. "Ajax" is not the right term. '''
return self.is_xhr
@property
[docs] def auth(self):
""" HTTP authentication data as a (user, password) tuple. This
implementation currently supports basic (not digest) authentication
only. If the authentication happened at a higher level (e.g. in the
front web-server or a middleware), the password field is None, but
the user field is looked up from the ``REMOTE_USER`` environ
variable. On any errors, None is returned. """
basic = parse_auth(self.environ.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION',''))
if basic: return basic
ruser = self.environ.get('REMOTE_USER')
if ruser: return (ruser, None)
return None
@property
[docs] def remote_route(self):
""" A list of all IPs that were involved in this request, starting with
the client IP and followed by zero or more proxies. This does only
work if all proxies support the ```X-Forwarded-For`` header. Note
that this information can be forged by malicious clients. """
proxy = self.environ.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
if proxy: return [ip.strip() for ip in proxy.split(',')]
remote = self.environ.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
return [remote] if remote else []
@property
[docs] def remote_addr(self):
""" The client IP as a string. Note that this information can be forged
by malicious clients. """
route = self.remote_route
return route[0] if route else None
[docs] def copy(self):
""" Return a new :class:`Request` with a shallow :attr:`environ` copy. """
return Request(self.environ.copy())
def __getitem__(self, key): return self.environ[key]
def __delitem__(self, key): self[key] = ""; del(self.environ[key])
def __iter__(self): return iter(self.environ)
def __len__(self): return len(self.environ)
def keys(self): return self.environ.keys()
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
""" Change an environ value and clear all caches that depend on it. """
if self.environ.get('bottle.request.readonly'):
raise KeyError('The environ dictionary is read-only.')
self.environ[key] = value
todelete = ()
if key == 'wsgi.input':
todelete = ('body', 'forms', 'files', 'params', 'post', 'json')
elif key == 'QUERY_STRING':
todelete = ('query', 'params')
elif key.startswith('HTTP_'):
todelete = ('headers', 'cookies')
for key in todelete:
self.environ.pop('bottle.request.'+key, None)
def __repr__(self):
return '<%s: %s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.method, self.url)
def _hkey(s):
return s.title().replace('_','-')
class HeaderProperty(object):
def __init__(self, name, reader=None, writer=str, default=''):
self.name, self.reader, self.writer, self.default = name, reader, writer, default
self.__doc__ = 'Current value of the %r header.' % name.title()
def __get__(self, obj, cls):
if obj is None: return self
value = obj.headers.get(self.name)
return self.reader(value) if (value and self.reader) else (value or self.default)
def __set__(self, obj, value):
if self.writer: value = self.writer(value)
obj.headers[self.name] = value
def __delete__(self, obj):
if self.name in obj.headers:
del obj.headers[self.name]
[docs]class BaseResponse(object):
""" Storage class for a response body as well as headers and cookies.
This class does support dict-like case-insensitive item-access to
headers, but is NOT a dict. Most notably, iterating over a response
yields parts of the body and not the headers.
"""
default_status = 200
default_content_type = 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'
# Header blacklist for specific response codes
# (rfc2616 section 10.2.3 and 10.3.5)
bad_headers = {
204: set(('Content-Type',)),
304: set(('Allow', 'Content-Encoding', 'Content-Language',
'Content-Length', 'Content-Range', 'Content-Type',
'Content-Md5', 'Last-Modified'))}
def __init__(self, body='', status=None, **headers):
self._status_line = None
self._status_code = None
self.body = body
self._cookies = None
self._headers = {'Content-Type': [self.default_content_type]}
self.status = status or self.default_status
if headers:
for name, value in headers.items():
self[name] = value
[docs] def copy(self):
''' Returns a copy of self. '''
copy = Response()
copy.status = self.status
copy._headers = dict((k, v[:]) for (k, v) in self._headers.items())
return copy
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self.body)
def close(self):
if hasattr(self.body, 'close'):
self.body.close()
@property
[docs] def status_line(self):
''' The HTTP status line as a string (e.g. ``404 Not Found``).'''
return self._status_line
@property
[docs] def status_code(self):
''' The HTTP status code as an integer (e.g. 404).'''
return self._status_code
def _set_status(self, status):
if isinstance(status, int):
code, status = status, _HTTP_STATUS_LINES.get(status)
elif ' ' in status:
status = status.strip()
code = int(status.split()[0])
else:
raise ValueError('String status line without a reason phrase.')
if not 100 <= code <= 999: raise ValueError('Status code out of range.')
self._status_code = code
self._status_line = status or ('%d Unknown' % code)
def _get_status(self):
depr('BaseRequest.status will change to return a string in 0.11. Use'\
' status_line and status_code to make sure.') #0.10
return self._status_code
status = property(_get_status, _set_status, None,
''' A writeable property to change the HTTP response status. It accepts
either a numeric code (100-999) or a string with a custom reason
phrase (e.g. "404 Brain not found"). Both :data:`status_line` and
:data:`status_code` are updates accordingly. The return value is
always a numeric code. ''')
del _get_status, _set_status
@property
[docs] def headers(self):
''' An instance of :class:`HeaderDict`, a case-insensitive dict-like
view on the response headers. '''
self.__dict__['headers'] = hdict = HeaderDict()
hdict.dict = self._headers
return hdict
def __contains__(self, name): return _hkey(name) in self._headers
def __delitem__(self, name): del self._headers[_hkey(name)]
def __getitem__(self, name): return self._headers[_hkey(name)][-1]
def __setitem__(self, name, value): self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [str(value)]
[docs] def get_header(self, name, default=None):
''' Return the value of a previously defined header. If there is no
header with that name, return a default value. '''
return self._headers.get(_hkey(name), [default])[-1]
[docs] def set_header(self, name, value, append=False):
''' Create a new response header, replacing any previously defined
headers with the same name. '''
if append:
self.add_header(name, value)
else:
self._headers[_hkey(name)] = [str(value)]
[docs] def add_header(self, name, value):
''' Add an additional response header, not removing duplicates. '''
self._headers.setdefault(_hkey(name), []).append(str(value))
[docs] def iter_headers(self):
''' Yield (header, value) tuples, skipping headers that are not
allowed with the current response status code. '''
headers = self._headers.iteritems()
bad_headers = self.bad_headers.get(self.status_code)
if bad_headers:
headers = [h for h in headers if h[0] not in bad_headers]
for name, values in headers:
for value in values:
yield name, value
if self._cookies:
for c in self._cookies.values():
yield 'Set-Cookie', c.OutputString()
def wsgiheader(self):
depr('The wsgiheader method is deprecated. See headerlist.') #0.10
return self.headerlist
@property
[docs] def headerlist(self):
''' WSGI conform list of (header, value) tuples. '''
return list(self.iter_headers())
content_type = HeaderProperty('Content-Type')
content_length = HeaderProperty('Content-Length', reader=int)
@property
[docs] def charset(self):
""" Return the charset specified in the content-type header (default: utf8). """
if 'charset=' in self.content_type:
return self.content_type.split('charset=')[-1].split(';')[0].strip()
return 'UTF-8'
@property
[docs] def COOKIES(self):
""" A dict-like SimpleCookie instance. This should not be used directly.
See :meth:`set_cookie`. """
depr('The COOKIES dict is deprecated. Use `set_cookie()` instead.') # 0.10
if not self._cookies:
self._cookies = SimpleCookie()
return self._cookies
[docs] def set_cookie(self, name, value, secret=None, **options):
''' Create a new cookie or replace an old one. If the `secret` parameter is
set, create a `Signed Cookie` (described below).
:param name: the name of the cookie.
:param value: the value of the cookie.
:param secret: a signature key required for signed cookies.
Additionally, this method accepts all RFC 2109 attributes that are
supported by :class:`cookie.Morsel`, including:
:param max_age: maximum age in seconds. (default: None)
:param expires: a datetime object or UNIX timestamp. (default: None)
:param domain: the domain that is allowed to read the cookie.
(default: current domain)
:param path: limits the cookie to a given path (default: current path)
:param secure: limit the cookie to HTTPS connections (default: off).
:param httponly: prevents client-side javascript to read this cookie
(default: off, requires Python 2.6 or newer).
If neither `expires` nor `max_age` is set (default), the cookie will
expire at the end of the browser session (as soon as the browser
window is closed).
Signed cookies may store any pickle-able object and are
cryptographically signed to prevent manipulation. Keep in mind that
cookies are limited to 4kb in most browsers.
Warning: Signed cookies are not encrypted (the client can still see
the content) and not copy-protected (the client can restore an old
cookie). The main intention is to make pickling and unpickling
save, not to store secret information at client side.
'''
if not self._cookies:
self._cookies = SimpleCookie()
if secret:
value = touni(cookie_encode((name, value), secret))
elif not isinstance(value, basestring):
raise TypeError('Secret key missing for non-string Cookie.')
if len(value) > 4096: raise ValueError('Cookie value to long.')
self._cookies[name] = value
for key, value in options.iteritems():
if key == 'max_age':
if isinstance(value, timedelta):
value = value.seconds + value.days * 24 * 3600
if key == 'expires':
if isinstance(value, (datedate, datetime)):
value = value.timetuple()
elif isinstance(value, (int, float)):
value = time.gmtime(value)
value = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", value)
self._cookies[name][key.replace('_', '-')] = value
[docs] def delete_cookie(self, key, **kwargs):
''' Delete a cookie. Be sure to use the same `domain` and `path`
settings as used to create the cookie. '''
kwargs['max_age'] = -1
kwargs['expires'] = 0
self.set_cookie(key, '', **kwargs)
def __repr__(self):
out = ''
for name, value in self.headerlist:
out += '%s: %s\n' % (name.title(), value.strip())
return out
[docs]class LocalRequest(BaseRequest, threading.local):
''' A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseRequest`. '''
def __init__(self): pass
bind = BaseRequest.__init__
[docs]class LocalResponse(BaseResponse, threading.local):
''' A thread-local subclass of :class:`BaseResponse`. '''
bind = BaseResponse.__init__
Response = LocalResponse # BC 0.9
Request = LocalRequest # BC 0.9
###############################################################################
# Plugins ######################################################################
###############################################################################
class PluginError(BottleException): pass
class JSONPlugin(object):
name = 'json'
api = 2
def __init__(self, json_dumps=json_dumps):
self.json_dumps = json_dumps
def apply(self, callback, context):
dumps = self.json_dumps
if not dumps: return callback
def wrapper(*a, **ka):
rv = callback(*a, **ka)
if isinstance(rv, dict):
#Attempt to serialize, raises exception on failure
json_response = dumps(rv)
#Set content type only if serialization succesful
response.content_type = 'application/json'
return json_response
return rv
return wrapper
class HooksPlugin(object):
name = 'hooks'
api = 2
_names = 'before_request', 'after_request', 'app_reset'
def __init__(self):
self.hooks = dict((name, []) for name in self._names)
self.app = None
def _empty(self):
return not (self.hooks['before_request'] or self.hooks['after_request'])
def setup(self, app):
self.app = app
def add(self, name, func):
''' Attach a callback to a hook. '''
was_empty = self._empty()
self.hooks.setdefault(name, []).append(func)
if self.app and was_empty and not self._empty(): self.app.reset()
def remove(self, name, func):
''' Remove a callback from a hook. '''
was_empty = self._empty()
if name in self.hooks and func in self.hooks[name]:
self.hooks[name].remove(func)
if self.app and not was_empty and self._empty(): self.app.reset()
def trigger(self, name, *a, **ka):
''' Trigger a hook and return a list of results. '''
hooks = self.hooks[name]
if ka.pop('reversed', False): hooks = hooks[::-1]
return [hook(*a, **ka) for hook in hooks]
def apply(self, callback, context):
if self._empty(): return callback
def wrapper(*a, **ka):
self.trigger('before_request')
rv = callback(*a, **ka)
self.trigger('after_request', reversed=True)
return rv
return wrapper
class TemplatePlugin(object):
''' This plugin applies the :func:`view` decorator to all routes with a
`template` config parameter. If the parameter is a tuple, the second
element must be a dict with additional options (e.g. `template_engine`)
or default variables for the template. '''
name = 'template'
api = 2
def apply(self, callback, route):
conf = route.config.get('template')
if isinstance(conf, (tuple, list)) and len(conf) == 2:
return view(conf[0], **conf[1])(callback)
elif isinstance(conf, str) and 'template_opts' in route.config:
depr('The `template_opts` parameter is deprecated.') #0.9
return view(conf, **route.config['template_opts'])(callback)
elif isinstance(conf, str):
return view(conf)(callback)
else:
return callback
#: Not a plugin, but part of the plugin API. TODO: Find a better place.
class _ImportRedirect(object):
def __init__(self, name, impmask):
''' Create a virtual package that redirects imports (see PEP 302). '''
self.name = name
self.impmask = impmask
self.module = sys.modules.setdefault(name, imp.new_module(name))
self.module.__dict__.update({'__file__': __file__, '__path__': [],
'__all__': [], '__loader__': self})
sys.meta_path.append(self)
def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
if '.' not in fullname: return
packname, modname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)
if packname != self.name: return
return self
def load_module(self, fullname):
if fullname in sys.modules: return sys.modules[fullname]
packname, modname = fullname.rsplit('.', 1)
realname = self.impmask % modname
__import__(realname)
module = sys.modules[fullname] = sys.modules[realname]
setattr(self.module, modname, module)
module.__loader__ = self
return module
###############################################################################
# Common Utilities #############################################################
###############################################################################
[docs]class MultiDict(DictMixin):
""" This dict stores multiple values per key, but behaves exactly like a
normal dict in that it returns only the newest value for any given key.
There are special methods available to access the full list of values.
"""
def __init__(self, *a, **k):
self.dict = dict((k, [v]) for k, v in dict(*a, **k).iteritems())
def __len__(self): return len(self.dict)
def __iter__(self): return iter(self.dict)
def __contains__(self, key): return key in self.dict
def __delitem__(self, key): del self.dict[key]
def __getitem__(self, key): return self.dict[key][-1]
def __setitem__(self, key, value): self.append(key, value)
def iterkeys(self): return self.dict.iterkeys()
def itervalues(self): return (v[-1] for v in self.dict.itervalues())
def iteritems(self): return ((k, v[-1]) for (k, v) in self.dict.iteritems())
def iterallitems(self):
for key, values in self.dict.iteritems():
for value in values:
yield key, value
# 2to3 is not able to fix these automatically.
keys = iterkeys if py3k else lambda self: list(self.iterkeys())
values = itervalues if py3k else lambda self: list(self.itervalues())
items = iteritems if py3k else lambda self: list(self.iteritems())
allitems = iterallitems if py3k else lambda self: list(self.iterallitems())
[docs] def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1, type=None):
''' Return the most recent value for a key.
:param default: The default value to be returned if the key is not
present or the type conversion fails.
:param index: An index for the list of available values.
:param type: If defined, this callable is used to cast the value
into a specific type. Exception are suppressed and result in
the default value to be returned.
'''
try:
val = self.dict[key][index]
return type(val) if type else val
except Exception, e:
pass
return default
[docs] def append(self, key, value):
''' Add a new value to the list of values for this key. '''
self.dict.setdefault(key, []).append(value)
[docs] def replace(self, key, value):
''' Replace the list of values with a single value. '''
self.dict[key] = [value]
[docs] def getall(self, key):
''' Return a (possibly empty) list of values for a key. '''
return self.dict.get(key) or []
#: Aliases for WTForms to mimic other multi-dict APIs (Django)
getone = get
getlist = getall
[docs]class FormsDict(MultiDict):
''' This :class:`MultiDict` subclass is used to store request form data.
Additionally to the normal dict-like item access methods (which return
unmodified data as native strings), this container also supports
attribute-like access to its values. Attribues are automatiically de- or
recoded to match :attr:`input_encoding` (default: 'utf8'). Missing
attributes default to an empty string. '''
#: Encoding used for attribute values.
input_encoding = 'utf8'
def getunicode(self, name, default=None, encoding=None):
value, enc = self.get(name, default), encoding or self.input_encoding
try:
if isinstance(value, bytes): # Python 2 WSGI
return value.decode(enc)
elif isinstance(value, unicode): # Python 3 WSGI
return value.encode('latin1').decode(enc)
return value
except UnicodeError, e:
return default
def __getattr__(self, name): return self.getunicode(name, default=u'')
[docs]class HeaderDict(MultiDict):
""" A case-insensitive version of :class:`MultiDict` that defaults to
replace the old value instead of appending it. """
def __init__(self, *a, **ka):
self.dict = {}
if a or ka: self.update(*a, **ka)
def __contains__(self, key): return _hkey(key) in self.dict
def __delitem__(self, key): del self.dict[_hkey(key)]
def __getitem__(self, key): return self.dict[_hkey(key)][-1]
def __setitem__(self, key, value): self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [str(value)]
def append(self, key, value):
self.dict.setdefault(_hkey(key), []).append(str(value))
def replace(self, key, value): self.dict[_hkey(key)] = [str(value)]
def getall(self, key): return self.dict.get(_hkey(key)) or []
def get(self, key, default=None, index=-1):
return MultiDict.get(self, _hkey(key), default, index)
def filter(self, names):
for name in map(_hkey, names):
if name in self.dict:
del self.dict[name]
[docs]class WSGIHeaderDict(DictMixin):
''' This dict-like class wraps a WSGI environ dict and provides convenient
access to HTTP_* fields. Keys and values are native strings
(2.x bytes or 3.x unicode) and keys are case-insensitive. If the WSGI
environment contains non-native string values, these are de- or encoded
using a lossless 'latin1' character set.
The API will remain stable even on changes to the relevant PEPs.
Currently PEP 333, 444 and 3333 are supported. (PEP 444 is the only one
that uses non-native strings.)
'''
#: List of keys that do not have a 'HTTP_' prefix.
cgikeys = ('CONTENT_TYPE', 'CONTENT_LENGTH')
def __init__(self, environ):
self.environ = environ
def _ekey(self, key):
''' Translate header field name to CGI/WSGI environ key. '''
key = key.replace('-','_').upper()
if key in self.cgikeys:
return key
return 'HTTP_' + key
[docs] def raw(self, key, default=None):
''' Return the header value as is (may be bytes or unicode). '''
return self.environ.get(self._ekey(key), default)
def __getitem__(self, key):
return tonat(self.environ[self._ekey(key)], 'latin1')
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__)
def __delitem__(self, key):
raise TypeError("%s is read-only." % self.__class__)
def __iter__(self):
for key in self.environ:
if key[:5] == 'HTTP_':
yield key[5:].replace('_', '-').title()
elif key in self.cgikeys:
yield key.replace('_', '-').title()
def keys(self): return [x for x in self]
def __len__(self): return len(self.keys())
def __contains__(self, key): return self._ekey(key) in self.environ
class ConfigDict(dict):
''' A dict-subclass with some extras: You can access keys like attributes.
Uppercase attributes create new ConfigDicts and act as name-spaces.
Other missing attributes return None. Calling a ConfigDict updates its
values and returns itself.
>>> cfg = ConfigDict()
>>> cfg.Namespace.value = 5
>>> cfg.OtherNamespace(a=1, b=2)
>>> cfg
{'Namespace': {'value': 5}, 'OtherNamespace': {'a': 1, 'b': 2}}
'''
def __getattr__(self, key):
if key not in self and key[0].isupper():
self[key] = ConfigDict()
return self.get(key)
def __setattr__(self, key, value):
if hasattr(dict, key):
raise AttributeError('Read-only attribute.')
if key in self and self[key] and isinstance(self[key], ConfigDict):
raise AttributeError('Non-empty namespace attribute.')
self[key] = value
def __delattr__(self, key):
if key in self: del self[key]
def __call__(self, *a, **ka):
for key, value in dict(*a, **ka).iteritems(): setattr(self, key, value)
return self
[docs]class AppStack(list):
""" A stack-like list. Calling it returns the head of the stack. """
def __call__(self):
""" Return the current default application. """
return self[-1]
[docs] def push(self, value=None):
""" Add a new :class:`Bottle` instance to the stack """
if not isinstance(value, Bottle):
value = Bottle()
self.append(value)
return value
class WSGIFileWrapper(object):
def __init__(self, fp, buffer_size=1024*64):
self.fp, self.buffer_size = fp, buffer_size
for attr in ('fileno', 'close', 'read', 'readlines'):
if hasattr(fp, attr): setattr(self, attr, getattr(fp, attr))
def __iter__(self):
read, buff = self.fp.read, self.buffer_size
while True:
part = read(buff)
if not part: break
yield part
###############################################################################
# Application Helper ###########################################################
###############################################################################
def abort(code=500, text='Unknown Error: Application stopped.'):
""" Aborts execution and causes a HTTP error. """
raise HTTPError(code, text)
def redirect(url, code=None):
""" Aborts execution and causes a 303 or 302 redirect, depending on
the HTTP protocol version. """
if code is None:
code = 303 if request.get('SERVER_PROTOCOL') == "HTTP/1.1" else 302
location = urljoin(request.url, url)
raise HTTPResponse("", status=code, header=dict(Location=location))
def static_file(filename, root, mimetype='auto', download=False):
""" Open a file in a safe way and return :exc:`HTTPResponse` with status
code 200, 305, 401 or 404. Set Content-Type, Content-Encoding,
Content-Length and Last-Modified header. Obey If-Modified-Since header
and HEAD requests.
"""
root = os.path.abspath(root) + os.sep
filename = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(root, filename.strip('/\\')))
header = dict()
if not filename.startswith(root):
return HTTPError(403, "Access denied.")
if not os.path.exists(filename) or not os.path.isfile(filename):
return HTTPError(404, "File does not exist.")
if not os.access(filename, os.R_OK):
return HTTPError(403, "You do not have permission to access this file.")
if mimetype == 'auto':
mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)
if mimetype: header['Content-Type'] = mimetype
if encoding: header['Content-Encoding'] = encoding
elif mimetype:
header['Content-Type'] = mimetype
if download:
download = os.path.basename(filename if download == True else download)
header['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="%s"' % download
stats = os.stat(filename)
header['Content-Length'] = stats.st_size
lm = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", time.gmtime(stats.st_mtime))
header['Last-Modified'] = lm
ims = request.environ.get('HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE')
if ims:
ims = parse_date(ims.split(";")[0].strip())
if ims is not None and ims >= int(stats.st_mtime):
header['Date'] = time.strftime("%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", time.gmtime())
return HTTPResponse(status=304, header=header)
body = '' if request.method == 'HEAD' else open(filename, 'rb')
return HTTPResponse(body, header=header)
###############################################################################
# HTTP Utilities and MISC (TODO) ###############################################
###############################################################################
[docs]def debug(mode=True):
""" Change the debug level.
There is only one debug level supported at the moment."""
global DEBUG
DEBUG = bool(mode)
[docs]def parse_date(ims):
""" Parse rfc1123, rfc850 and asctime timestamps and return UTC epoch. """
try:
ts = email.utils.parsedate_tz(ims)
return time.mktime(ts[:8] + (0,)) - (ts[9] or 0) - time.timezone
except (TypeError, ValueError, IndexError, OverflowError):
return None
[docs]def parse_auth(header):
""" Parse rfc2617 HTTP authentication header string (basic) and return (user,pass) tuple or None"""
try:
method, data = header.split(None, 1)
if method.lower() == 'basic':
#TODO: Add 2to3 save base64[encode/decode] functions.
user, pwd = touni(base64.b64decode(tob(data))).split(':',1)
return user, pwd
except (KeyError, ValueError):
return None
def _parse_qsl(qs):
r = []
for pair in qs.replace(';','&').split('&'):
if not pair: continue
nv = pair.split('=', 1)
if len(nv) != 2: nv.append('')
key = urlunquote(nv[0].replace('+', ' '))
value = urlunquote(nv[1].replace('+', ' '))
r.append((key, value))
return r
def _lscmp(a, b):
''' Compares two strings in a cryptographically save way:
Runtime is not affected by length of common prefix. '''
return not sum(0 if x==y else 1 for x, y in zip(a, b)) and len(a) == len(b)
[docs]def cookie_encode(data, key):
''' Encode and sign a pickle-able object. Return a (byte) string '''
msg = base64.b64encode(pickle.dumps(data, -1))
sig = base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(key), msg).digest())
return tob('!') + sig + tob('?') + msg
[docs]def cookie_decode(data, key):
''' Verify and decode an encoded string. Return an object or None.'''
data = tob(data)
if cookie_is_encoded(data):
sig, msg = data.split(tob('?'), 1)
if _lscmp(sig[1:], base64.b64encode(hmac.new(tob(key), msg).digest())):
return pickle.loads(base64.b64decode(msg))
return None
[docs]def cookie_is_encoded(data):
''' Return True if the argument looks like a encoded cookie.'''
return bool(data.startswith(tob('!')) and tob('?') in data)
def html_escape(string):
''' Escape HTML special characters ``&<>`` and quotes ``'"``. '''
return string.replace('&','&').replace('<','<').replace('>','>')\
.replace('"','"').replace("'",''')
def html_quote(string):
''' Escape and quote a string to be used as an HTTP attribute.'''
return '"%s"' % html_escape(string).replace('\n','%#10;')\
.replace('\r',' ').replace('\t','	')
[docs]def yieldroutes(func):
""" Return a generator for routes that match the signature (name, args)
of the func parameter. This may yield more than one route if the function
takes optional keyword arguments. The output is best described by example::
a() -> '/a'
b(x, y) -> '/b/:x/:y'
c(x, y=5) -> '/c/:x' and '/c/:x/:y'
d(x=5, y=6) -> '/d' and '/d/:x' and '/d/:x/:y'
"""
import inspect # Expensive module. Only import if necessary.
path = '/' + func.__name__.replace('__','/').lstrip('/')
spec = inspect.getargspec(func)
argc = len(spec[0]) - len(spec[3] or [])
path += ('/:%s' * argc) % tuple(spec[0][:argc])
yield path
for arg in spec[0][argc:]:
path += '/:%s' % arg
yield path
[docs]def path_shift(script_name, path_info, shift=1):
''' Shift path fragments from PATH_INFO to SCRIPT_NAME and vice versa.
:return: The modified paths.
:param script_name: The SCRIPT_NAME path.
:param script_name: The PATH_INFO path.
:param shift: The number of path fragments to shift. May be negative to
change the shift direction. (default: 1)
'''
if shift == 0: return script_name, path_info
pathlist = path_info.strip('/').split('/')
scriptlist = script_name.strip('/').split('/')
if pathlist and pathlist[0] == '': pathlist = []
if scriptlist and scriptlist[0] == '': scriptlist = []
if shift > 0 and shift <= len(pathlist):
moved = pathlist[:shift]
scriptlist = scriptlist + moved
pathlist = pathlist[shift:]
elif shift < 0 and shift >= -len(scriptlist):
moved = scriptlist[shift:]
pathlist = moved + pathlist
scriptlist = scriptlist[:shift]
else:
empty = 'SCRIPT_NAME' if shift < 0 else 'PATH_INFO'
raise AssertionError("Cannot shift. Nothing left from %s" % empty)
new_script_name = '/' + '/'.join(scriptlist)
new_path_info = '/' + '/'.join(pathlist)
if path_info.endswith('/') and pathlist: new_path_info += '/'
return new_script_name, new_path_info
def validate(**vkargs):
"""
Validates and manipulates keyword arguments by user defined callables.
Handles ValueError and missing arguments by raising HTTPError(403).
"""
depr('Use route wildcard filters instead.')
def decorator(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kargs):
for key, value in vkargs.iteritems():
if key not in kargs:
abort(403, 'Missing parameter: %s' % key)
try:
kargs[key] = value(kargs[key])
except ValueError:
abort(403, 'Wrong parameter format for: %s' % key)
return func(*args, **kargs)
return wrapper
return decorator
def auth_basic(check, realm="private", text="Access denied"):
''' Callback decorator to require HTTP auth (basic).
TODO: Add route(check_auth=...) parameter. '''
def decorator(func):
def wrapper(*a, **ka):
user, password = request.auth or (None, None)
if user is None or not check(user, password):
response.headers['WWW-Authenticate'] = 'Basic realm="%s"' % realm
return HTTPError(401, text)
return func(*a, **ka)
return wrapper
return decorator
def make_default_app_wrapper(name):
''' Return a callable that relays calls to the current default app. '''
@functools.wraps(getattr(Bottle, name))
def wrapper(*a, **ka):
return getattr(app(), name)(*a, **ka)
return wrapper
for name in '''route get post put delete error mount
hook install uninstall'''.split():
globals()[name] = make_default_app_wrapper(name)
url = make_default_app_wrapper('get_url')
del name
###############################################################################
# Server Adapter ###############################################################
###############################################################################
class ServerAdapter(object):
quiet = False
def __init__(self, host='127.0.0.1', port=8080, **config):
self.options = config
self.host = host
self.port = int(port)
def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
pass
def __repr__(self):
args = ', '.join(['%s=%s'%(k,repr(v)) for k, v in self.options.items()])
return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, args)
class CGIServer(ServerAdapter):
quiet = True
def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
from wsgiref.handlers import CGIHandler
def fixed_environ(environ, start_response):
environ.setdefault('PATH_INFO', '')
return handler(environ, start_response)
CGIHandler().run(fixed_environ)
class FlupFCGIServer(ServerAdapter):
def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
import flup.server.fcgi
self.options.setdefault('bindAddress', (self.host, self.port))
flup.server.fcgi.WSGIServer(handler, **self.options).run()
class WSGIRefServer(ServerAdapter):
def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server, WSGIRequestHandler
if self.quiet:
class QuietHandler(WSGIRequestHandler):
def log_request(*args, **kw): pass
self.options['handler_class'] = QuietHandler
srv = make_server(self.host, self.port, handler, **self.options)
srv.serve_forever()
class CherryPyServer(ServerAdapter):
def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
from cherrypy import wsgiserver
server = wsgiserver.CherryPyWSGIServer((self.host, self.port), handler)
try:
server.start()
finally:
server.stop()
class PasteServer(ServerAdapter):
def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
from paste import httpserver
if not self.quiet:
from paste.translogger import TransLogger
handler = TransLogger(handler)
httpserver.serve(handler, host=self.host, port=str(self.port),
**self.options)
class MeinheldServer(ServerAdapter):
def run(self, handler):
from meinheld import server
server.listen((self.host, self.port))
server.run(handler)
class FapwsServer(ServerAdapter):
""" Extremely fast webserver using libev. See http://www.fapws.org/ """
def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
import fapws._evwsgi as evwsgi
from fapws import base, config
port = self.port
if float(config.SERVER_IDENT[-2:]) > 0.4:
# fapws3 silently changed its API in 0.5
port = str(port)
evwsgi.start(self.host, port)
# fapws3 never releases the GIL. Complain upstream. I tried. No luck.
if 'BOTTLE_CHILD' in os.environ and not self.quiet:
print "WARNING: Auto-reloading does not work with Fapws3."
print " (Fapws3 breaks python thread support)"
evwsgi.set_base_module(base)
def app(environ, start_response):
environ['wsgi.multiprocess'] = False
return handler(environ, start_response)
evwsgi.wsgi_cb(('', app))
evwsgi.run()
class TornadoServer(ServerAdapter):
""" The super hyped asynchronous server by facebook. Untested. """
def run(self, handler): # pragma: no cover
import tornado.wsgi, tornado.httpserver, tornado.ioloop
container = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(handler)
server = tornado.httpserver.HTTPServer(container)
server.listen(port=self.port)
tornado.ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
class AppEngineServer(ServerAdapter):
""" Adapter for Google App Engine. """
quiet = True
def run(self, handler):
from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util
# A main() function in the handler script enables 'App Caching'.
# Lets makes sure it is there. This _really_ improves performance.
module = sys.modules.get('__main__')
if module and not hasattr(module, 'main'):
module.main = lambda: util.run_wsgi_app(handler)
util.run_wsgi_app(handler)
class TwistedServer(ServerAdapter):
""" Untested. """
def run(self, handler):
from twisted.web import server, wsgi
from twisted.python.threadpool import ThreadPool
from twisted.internet import reactor
thread_pool = ThreadPool()
thread_pool.start()
reactor.addSystemEventTrigger('after', 'shutdown', thread_pool.stop)
factory = server.Site(wsgi.WSGIResource(reactor, thread_pool, handler))
reactor.listenTCP(self.port, factory, interface=self.host)
reactor.run()
class DieselServer(ServerAdapter):
""" Untested. """
def run(self, handler):
from diesel.protocols.wsgi import WSGIApplication
app = WSGIApplication(handler, port=self.port)
app.run()
class GeventServer(ServerAdapter):
""" Untested. Options:
* `monkey` (default: True) fixes the stdlib to use greenthreads.
* `fast` (default: False) uses libevent's http server, but has some
issues: No streaming, no pipelining, no SSL.
"""
def run(self, handler):
from gevent import wsgi as wsgi_fast, pywsgi, monkey, local
if self.options.get('monkey', True):
if not threading.local is local.local: monkey.patch_all()
wsgi = wsgi_fast if self.options.get('fast') else pywsgi
wsgi.WSGIServer((self.host, self.port), handler).serve_forever()
class GunicornServer(ServerAdapter):
""" Untested. See http://gunicorn.org/configure.html for options. """
def run(self, handler):
from gunicorn.app.base import Application
config = {'bind': "%s:%d" % (self.host, int(self.port))}
config.update(self.options)
class GunicornApplication(Application):
def init(self, parser, opts, args):
return config
def load(self):
return handler
GunicornApplication().run()
class EventletServer(ServerAdapter):
""" Untested """
def run(self, handler):
from eventlet import wsgi, listen
wsgi.server(listen((self.host, self.port)), handler)
class RocketServer(ServerAdapter):
""" Untested. """
def run(self, handler):
from rocket import Rocket
server = Rocket((self.host, self.port), 'wsgi', { 'wsgi_app' : handler })
server.start()
class BjoernServer(ServerAdapter):
""" Fast server written in C: https://github.com/jonashaag/bjoern """
def run(self, handler):
from bjoern import run
run(handler, self.host, self.port)
class AutoServer(ServerAdapter):
""" Untested. """
adapters = [PasteServer, CherryPyServer, TwistedServer, WSGIRefServer]
def run(self, handler):
for sa in self.adapters:
try:
return sa(self.host, self.port, **self.options).run(handler)
except ImportError:
pass
server_names = {
'cgi': CGIServer,
'flup': FlupFCGIServer,
'wsgiref': WSGIRefServer,
'cherrypy': CherryPyServer,
'paste': PasteServer,
'fapws3': FapwsServer,
'tornado': TornadoServer,
'gae': AppEngineServer,
'twisted': TwistedServer,
'diesel': DieselServer,
'meinheld': MeinheldServer,
'gunicorn': GunicornServer,
'eventlet': EventletServer,
'gevent': GeventServer,
'rocket': RocketServer,
'bjoern' : BjoernServer,
'auto': AutoServer,
}
###############################################################################
# Application Control ##########################################################
###############################################################################
[docs]def load(target, **namespace):
""" Import a module or fetch an object from a module.
* ``package.module`` returns `module` as a module object.
* ``pack.mod:name`` returns the module variable `name` from `pack.mod`.
* ``pack.mod:func()`` calls `pack.mod.func()` and returns the result.
The last form accepts not only function calls, but any type of
expression. Keyword arguments passed to this function are available as
local variables. Example: ``import_string('re:compile(x)', x='[a-z]')``
"""
module, target = target.split(":", 1) if ':' in target else (target, None)
if module not in sys.modules: __import__(module)
if not target: return sys.modules[module]
if target.isalnum(): return getattr(sys.modules[module], target)
package_name = module.split('.')[0]
namespace[package_name] = sys.modules[package_name]
return eval('%s.%s' % (module, target), namespace)
[docs]def load_app(target):
""" Load a bottle application from a module and make sure that the import
does not affect the current default application, but returns a separate
application object. See :func:`load` for the target parameter. """
global NORUN; NORUN, nr_old = True, NORUN
try:
tmp = default_app.push() # Create a new "default application"
rv = load(target) # Import the target module
return rv if callable(rv) else tmp
finally:
default_app.remove(tmp) # Remove the temporary added default application
NORUN = nr_old
[docs]def run(app=None, server='wsgiref', host='127.0.0.1', port=8080,
interval=1, reloader=False, quiet=False, plugins=None, **kargs):
""" Start a server instance. This method blocks until the server terminates.
:param app: WSGI application or target string supported by
:func:`load_app`. (default: :func:`default_app`)
:param server: Server adapter to use. See :data:`server_names` keys
for valid names or pass a :class:`ServerAdapter` subclass.
(default: `wsgiref`)
:param host: Server address to bind to. Pass ``0.0.0.0`` to listens on
all interfaces including the external one. (default: 127.0.0.1)
:param port: Server port to bind to. Values below 1024 require root
privileges. (default: 8080)
:param reloader: Start auto-reloading server? (default: False)
:param interval: Auto-reloader interval in seconds (default: 1)
:param quiet: Suppress output to stdout and stderr? (default: False)
:param options: Options passed to the server adapter.
"""
if NORUN: return
if reloader and not os.environ.get('BOTTLE_CHILD'):
try:
fd, lockfile = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='bottle.', suffix='.lock')
os.close(fd) # We only need this file to exist. We never write to it
while os.path.exists(lockfile):
args = [sys.executable] + sys.argv
environ = os.environ.copy()
environ['BOTTLE_CHILD'] = 'true'
environ['BOTTLE_LOCKFILE'] = lockfile
p = subprocess.Popen(args, env=environ)
while p.poll() is None: # Busy wait...
os.utime(lockfile, None) # I am alive!
time.sleep(interval)
if p.poll() != 3:
if os.path.exists(lockfile): os.unlink(lockfile)
sys.exit(p.poll())
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
finally:
if os.path.exists(lockfile):
os.unlink(lockfile)
return
stderr = sys.stderr.write
try:
app = app or default_app()
if isinstance(app, basestring):
app = load_app(app)
if not callable(app):
raise ValueError("Application is not callable: %r" % app)
for plugin in plugins or []:
app.install(plugin)
if server in server_names:
server = server_names.get(server)
if isinstance(server, basestring):
server = load(server)
if isinstance(server, type):
server = server(host=host, port=port, **kargs)
if not isinstance(server, ServerAdapter):
raise ValueError("Unknown or unsupported server: %r" % server)
server.quiet = server.quiet or quiet
if not server.quiet:
stderr("Bottle server starting up (using %s)...\n" % repr(server))
stderr("Listening on http://%s:%d/\n" % (server.host, server.port))
stderr("Hit Ctrl-C to quit.\n\n")
if reloader:
lockfile = os.environ.get('BOTTLE_LOCKFILE')
bgcheck = FileCheckerThread(lockfile, interval)
with bgcheck:
server.run(app)
if bgcheck.status == 'reload':
sys.exit(3)
else:
server.run(app)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
except (SyntaxError, ImportError):
if not reloader: raise
if not getattr(server, 'quiet', False): print_exc()
sys.exit(3)
finally:
if not getattr(server, 'quiet', False): stderr('Shutdown...\n')
class FileCheckerThread(threading.Thread):
''' Interrupt main-thread as soon as a changed module file is detected,
the lockfile gets deleted or gets to old. '''
def __init__(self, lockfile, interval):
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.lockfile, self.interval = lockfile, interval
#: Is one of 'reload', 'error' or 'exit'
self.status = None
def run(self):
exists = os.path.exists
mtime = lambda path: os.stat(path).st_mtime
files = dict()
for module in sys.modules.values():
path = getattr(module, '__file__', '')
if path[-4:] in ('.pyo', '.pyc'): path = path[:-1]
if path and exists(path): files[path] = mtime(path)
while not self.status:
if not exists(self.lockfile)\
or mtime(self.lockfile) < time.time() - self.interval - 5:
self.status = 'error'
thread.interrupt_main()
for path, lmtime in files.iteritems():
if not exists(path) or mtime(path) > lmtime:
self.status = 'reload'
thread.interrupt_main()
break
time.sleep(self.interval)
def __enter__(self):
self.start()
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
if not self.status: self.status = 'exit' # silent exit
self.join()
return issubclass(exc_type, KeyboardInterrupt)
###############################################################################
# Template Adapters ############################################################
###############################################################################
class TemplateError(HTTPError):
def __init__(self, message):
HTTPError.__init__(self, 500, message)
[docs]class BaseTemplate(object):
""" Base class and minimal API for template adapters """
extensions = ['tpl','html','thtml','stpl']
settings = {} #used in prepare()
defaults = {} #used in render()
[docs] def __init__(self, source=None, name=None, lookup=[], encoding='utf8', **settings):
""" Create a new template.
If the source parameter (str or buffer) is missing, the name argument
is used to guess a template filename. Subclasses can assume that
self.source and/or self.filename are set. Both are strings.
The lookup, encoding and settings parameters are stored as instance
variables.
The lookup parameter stores a list containing directory paths.
The encoding parameter should be used to decode byte strings or files.
The settings parameter contains a dict for engine-specific settings.
"""
self.name = name
self.source = source.read() if hasattr(source, 'read') else source
self.filename = source.filename if hasattr(source, 'filename') else None
self.lookup = map(os.path.abspath, lookup)
self.encoding = encoding
self.settings = self.settings.copy() # Copy from class variable
self.settings.update(settings) # Apply
if not self.source and self.name:
self.filename = self.search(self.name, self.lookup)
if not self.filename:
raise TemplateError('Template %s not found.' % repr(name))
if not self.source and not self.filename:
raise TemplateError('No template specified.')
self.prepare(**self.settings)
@classmethod
[docs] def search(cls, name, lookup=[]):
""" Search name in all directories specified in lookup.
First without, then with common extensions. Return first hit. """
if os.path.isfile(name): return name
for spath in lookup:
fname = os.path.join(spath, name)
if os.path.isfile(fname):
return fname
for ext in cls.extensions:
if os.path.isfile('%s.%s' % (fname, ext)):
return '%s.%s' % (fname, ext)
@classmethod
[docs] def global_config(cls, key, *args):
''' This reads or sets the global settings stored in class.settings. '''
if args:
cls.settings = cls.settings.copy() # Make settings local to class
cls.settings[key] = args[0]
else:
return cls.settings[key]
[docs] def prepare(self, **options):
""" Run preparations (parsing, caching, ...).
It should be possible to call this again to refresh a template or to
update settings.
"""
raise NotImplementedError
[docs] def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Render the template with the specified local variables and return
a single byte or unicode string. If it is a byte string, the encoding
must match self.encoding. This method must be thread-safe!
Local variables may be provided in dictionaries (*args)
or directly, as keywords (**kwargs).
"""
raise NotImplementedError
class MakoTemplate(BaseTemplate):
def prepare(self, **options):
from mako.template import Template
from mako.lookup import TemplateLookup
options.update({'input_encoding':self.encoding})
options.setdefault('format_exceptions', bool(DEBUG))
lookup = TemplateLookup(directories=self.lookup, **options)
if self.source:
self.tpl = Template(self.source, lookup=lookup, **options)
else:
self.tpl = Template(uri=self.name, filename=self.filename, lookup=lookup, **options)
def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
_defaults = self.defaults.copy()
_defaults.update(kwargs)
return self.tpl.render(**_defaults)
class CheetahTemplate(BaseTemplate):
def prepare(self, **options):
from Cheetah.Template import Template
self.context = threading.local()
self.context.vars = {}
options['searchList'] = [self.context.vars]
if self.source:
self.tpl = Template(source=self.source, **options)
else:
self.tpl = Template(file=self.filename, **options)
def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
self.context.vars.update(self.defaults)
self.context.vars.update(kwargs)
out = str(self.tpl)
self.context.vars.clear()
return out
class Jinja2Template(BaseTemplate):
def prepare(self, filters=None, tests=None, **kwargs):
from jinja2 import Environment, FunctionLoader
if 'prefix' in kwargs: # TODO: to be removed after a while
raise RuntimeError('The keyword argument `prefix` has been removed. '
'Use the full jinja2 environment name line_statement_prefix instead.')
self.env = Environment(loader=FunctionLoader(self.loader), **kwargs)
if filters: self.env.filters.update(filters)
if tests: self.env.tests.update(tests)
if self.source:
self.tpl = self.env.from_string(self.source)
else:
self.tpl = self.env.get_template(self.filename)
def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
_defaults = self.defaults.copy()
_defaults.update(kwargs)
return self.tpl.render(**_defaults)
def loader(self, name):
fname = self.search(name, self.lookup)
if fname:
with open(fname, "rb") as f:
return f.read().decode(self.encoding)
class SimpleTALTemplate(BaseTemplate):
''' Untested! '''
def prepare(self, **options):
from simpletal import simpleTAL
# TODO: add option to load METAL files during render
if self.source:
self.tpl = simpleTAL.compileHTMLTemplate(self.source)
else:
with open(self.filename, 'rb') as fp:
self.tpl = simpleTAL.compileHTMLTemplate(tonat(fp.read()))
def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
from simpletal import simpleTALES
for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
# TODO: maybe reuse a context instead of always creating one
context = simpleTALES.Context()
for k,v in self.defaults.items():
context.addGlobal(k, v)
for k,v in kwargs.items():
context.addGlobal(k, v)
output = StringIO()
self.tpl.expand(context, output)
return output.getvalue()
[docs]class SimpleTemplate(BaseTemplate):
blocks = ('if', 'elif', 'else', 'try', 'except', 'finally', 'for', 'while',
'with', 'def', 'class')
dedent_blocks = ('elif', 'else', 'except', 'finally')
@lazy_attribute
def re_pytokens(cls):
''' This matches comments and all kinds of quoted strings but does
NOT match comments (#...) within quoted strings. (trust me) '''
return re.compile(r'''
(''(?!')|""(?!")|'{6}|"{6} # Empty strings (all 4 types)
|'(?:[^\\']|\\.)+?' # Single quotes (')
|"(?:[^\\"]|\\.)+?" # Double quotes (")
|'{3}(?:[^\\]|\\.|\n)+?'{3} # Triple-quoted strings (')
|"{3}(?:[^\\]|\\.|\n)+?"{3} # Triple-quoted strings (")
|\#.* # Comments
)''', re.VERBOSE)
def prepare(self, escape_func=html_escape, noescape=False, **kwargs):
self.cache = {}
enc = self.encoding
self._str = lambda x: touni(x, enc)
self._escape = lambda x: escape_func(touni(x, enc))
if noescape:
self._str, self._escape = self._escape, self._str
@classmethod
[docs] def split_comment(cls, code):
""" Removes comments (#...) from python code. """
if '#' not in code: return code
#: Remove comments only (leave quoted strings as they are)
subf = lambda m: '' if m.group(0)[0]=='#' else m.group(0)
return re.sub(cls.re_pytokens, subf, code)
@cached_property
def co(self):
return compile(self.code, self.filename or '<string>', 'exec')
@cached_property
def code(self):
stack = [] # Current Code indentation
lineno = 0 # Current line of code
ptrbuffer = [] # Buffer for printable strings and token tuple instances
codebuffer = [] # Buffer for generated python code
multiline = dedent = oneline = False
template = self.source or open(self.filename, 'rb').read()
def yield_tokens(line):
for i, part in enumerate(re.split(r'\{\{(.*?)\}\}', line)):
if i % 2:
if part.startswith('!'): yield 'RAW', part[1:]
else: yield 'CMD', part
else: yield 'TXT', part
def flush(): # Flush the ptrbuffer
if not ptrbuffer: return
cline = ''
for line in ptrbuffer:
for token, value in line:
if token == 'TXT': cline += repr(value)
elif token == 'RAW': cline += '_str(%s)' % value
elif token == 'CMD': cline += '_escape(%s)' % value
cline += ', '
cline = cline[:-2] + '\\\n'
cline = cline[:-2]
if cline[:-1].endswith('\\\\\\\\\\n'):
cline = cline[:-7] + cline[-1] # 'nobr\\\\\n' --> 'nobr'
cline = '_printlist([' + cline + '])'
del ptrbuffer[:] # Do this before calling code() again
code(cline)
def code(stmt):
for line in stmt.splitlines():
codebuffer.append(' ' * len(stack) + line.strip())
for line in template.splitlines(True):
lineno += 1
line = line if isinstance(line, unicode)\
else unicode(line, encoding=self.encoding)
sline = line.lstrip()
if lineno <= 2:
m = re.search(r"%.*coding[:=]\s*([-\w\.]+)", line)
if m: self.encoding = m.group(1)
if m: line = line.replace('coding','coding (removed)')
if sline and sline[0] == '%' and sline[:2] != '%%':
line = line.split('%',1)[1].lstrip() # Full line following the %
cline = self.split_comment(line).strip()
cmd = re.split(r'[^a-zA-Z0-9_]', cline)[0]
flush() # You are actually reading this? Good luck, it's a mess :)
if cmd in self.blocks or multiline:
cmd = multiline or cmd
dedent = cmd in self.dedent_blocks # "else:"
if dedent and not oneline and not multiline:
cmd = stack.pop()
code(line)
oneline = not cline.endswith(':') # "if 1: pass"
multiline = cmd if cline.endswith('\\') else False
if not oneline and not multiline:
stack.append(cmd)
elif cmd == 'end' and stack:
code('#end(%s) %s' % (stack.pop(), line.strip()[3:]))
elif cmd == 'include':
p = cline.split(None, 2)[1:]
if len(p) == 2:
code("_=_include(%s, _stdout, %s)" % (repr(p[0]), p[1]))
elif p:
code("_=_include(%s, _stdout)" % repr(p[0]))
else: # Empty %include -> reverse of %rebase
code("_printlist(_base)")
elif cmd == 'rebase':
p = cline.split(None, 2)[1:]
if len(p) == 2:
code("globals()['_rebase']=(%s, dict(%s))" % (repr(p[0]), p[1]))
elif p:
code("globals()['_rebase']=(%s, {})" % repr(p[0]))
else:
code(line)
else: # Line starting with text (not '%') or '%%' (escaped)
if line.strip().startswith('%%'):
line = line.replace('%%', '%', 1)
ptrbuffer.append(yield_tokens(line))
flush()
return '\n'.join(codebuffer) + '\n'
def subtemplate(self, _name, _stdout, *args, **kwargs):
for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
if _name not in self.cache:
self.cache[_name] = self.__class__(name=_name, lookup=self.lookup)
return self.cache[_name].execute(_stdout, kwargs)
def execute(self, _stdout, *args, **kwargs):
for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
env = self.defaults.copy()
env.update({'_stdout': _stdout, '_printlist': _stdout.extend,
'_include': self.subtemplate, '_str': self._str,
'_escape': self._escape, 'get': env.get,
'setdefault': env.setdefault, 'defined': env.__contains__})
env.update(kwargs)
eval(self.co, env)
if '_rebase' in env:
subtpl, rargs = env['_rebase']
rargs['_base'] = _stdout[:] #copy stdout
del _stdout[:] # clear stdout
return self.subtemplate(subtpl,_stdout,rargs)
return env
[docs] def render(self, *args, **kwargs):
""" Render the template using keyword arguments as local variables. """
for dictarg in args: kwargs.update(dictarg)
stdout = []
self.execute(stdout, kwargs)
return ''.join(stdout)
[docs]def template(*args, **kwargs):
'''
Get a rendered template as a string iterator.
You can use a name, a filename or a template string as first parameter.
Template rendering arguments can be passed as dictionaries
or directly (as keyword arguments).
'''
tpl = args[0] if args else None
template_adapter = kwargs.pop('template_adapter', SimpleTemplate)
if tpl not in TEMPLATES or DEBUG:
settings = kwargs.pop('template_settings', {})
lookup = kwargs.pop('template_lookup', TEMPLATE_PATH)
if isinstance(tpl, template_adapter):
TEMPLATES[tpl] = tpl
if settings: TEMPLATES[tpl].prepare(**settings)
elif "\n" in tpl or "{" in tpl or "%" in tpl or '$' in tpl:
TEMPLATES[tpl] = template_adapter(source=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings)
else:
TEMPLATES[tpl] = template_adapter(name=tpl, lookup=lookup, **settings)
if not TEMPLATES[tpl]:
abort(500, 'Template (%s) not found' % tpl)
for dictarg in args[1:]: kwargs.update(dictarg)
return TEMPLATES[tpl].render(kwargs)
mako_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=MakoTemplate)
cheetah_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=CheetahTemplate)
jinja2_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=Jinja2Template)
simpletal_template = functools.partial(template, template_adapter=SimpleTALTemplate)
[docs]def view(tpl_name, **defaults):
''' Decorator: renders a template for a handler.
The handler can control its behavior like that:
- return a dict of template vars to fill out the template
- return something other than a dict and the view decorator will not
process the template, but return the handler result as is.
This includes returning a HTTPResponse(dict) to get,
for instance, JSON with autojson or other castfilters.
'''
def decorator(func):
@functools.wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
if isinstance(result, (dict, DictMixin)):
tplvars = defaults.copy()
tplvars.update(result)
return template(tpl_name, **tplvars)
return result
return wrapper
return decorator
mako_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=MakoTemplate)
cheetah_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=CheetahTemplate)
jinja2_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=Jinja2Template)
simpletal_view = functools.partial(view, template_adapter=SimpleTALTemplate)
###############################################################################
# Constants and Globals ########################################################
###############################################################################
TEMPLATE_PATH = ['./', './views/']
TEMPLATES = {}
DEBUG = False
NORUN = False # If set, run() does nothing. Used by load_app()
#: A dict to map HTTP status codes (e.g. 404) to phrases (e.g. 'Not Found')
HTTP_CODES = httplib.responses
HTTP_CODES[418] = "I'm a teapot" # RFC 2324
HTTP_CODES[428] = "Precondition Required"
HTTP_CODES[429] = "Too Many Requests"
HTTP_CODES[431] = "Request Header Fields Too Large"
HTTP_CODES[511] = "Network Authentication Required"
_HTTP_STATUS_LINES = dict((k, '%d %s'%(k,v)) for (k,v) in HTTP_CODES.iteritems())
#: The default template used for error pages. Override with @error()
ERROR_PAGE_TEMPLATE = """
%try:
%from bottle import DEBUG, HTTP_CODES, request, touni
%status_name = HTTP_CODES.get(e.status, 'Unknown').title()
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Error {{e.status}}: {{status_name}}</title>
<style type="text/css">
html {background-color: #eee; font-family: sans;}
body {background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #ddd;
padding: 15px; margin: 15px;}
pre {background-color: #eee; border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 5px;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Error {{e.status}}: {{status_name}}</h1>
<p>Sorry, the requested URL <tt>{{repr(request.url)}}</tt>
caused an error:</p>
<pre>{{e.output}}</pre>
%if DEBUG and e.exception:
<h2>Exception:</h2>
<pre>{{repr(e.exception)}}</pre>
%end
%if DEBUG and e.traceback:
<h2>Traceback:</h2>
<pre>{{e.traceback}}</pre>
%end
</body>
</html>
%except ImportError:
<b>ImportError:</b> Could not generate the error page. Please add bottle to
the import path.
%end
"""
#: A thread-safe instance of :class:`Request` representing the `current` request.
request = Request()
#: A thread-safe instance of :class:`Response` used to build the HTTP response.
response = Response()
#: A thread-safe namespace. Not used by Bottle.
local = threading.local()
# Initialize app stack (create first empty Bottle app)
# BC: 0.6.4 and needed for run()
app = default_app = AppStack()
app.push()
#: A virtual package that redirects import statements.
#: Example: ``import bottle.ext.sqlite`` actually imports `bottle_sqlite`.
ext = _ImportRedirect(__name__+'.ext', 'bottle_%s').module
if __name__ == '__main__':
opt, args, parser = _cmd_options, _cmd_args, _cmd_parser
if opt.version:
print 'Bottle', __version__; sys.exit(0)
if not args:
parser.print_help()
print '\nError: No application specified.\n'
sys.exit(1)
try:
sys.path.insert(0, '.')
sys.modules.setdefault('bottle', sys.modules['__main__'])
except (AttributeError, ImportError), e:
parser.error(e.args[0])
if opt.bind and ':' in opt.bind:
host, port = opt.bind.rsplit(':', 1)
else:
host, port = (opt.bind or 'localhost'), 8080
debug(opt.debug)
run(args[0], host=host, port=port, server=opt.server, reloader=opt.reload, plugins=opt.plugin)
# THE END
